The current status of CFC alternatives for cleaning. HCFCs as CFC alternatives.

The Experimental Study on Refrigerant Mixture as CFC-12 Alternatives in Household Refrigerator

Cfc Alternatives for Refrigeration : More than 2 Years of Field Trials

has adopted a more severe position and will ban CFCs by the end of 1994. In order to face this challenge, Elf Atochem has developed a comprehensive range of CFC alternatives. Today, CFC-12 can easil be replaced by the FORANEQ 134a or the FORANEQ FX56 (retrofit) and R-502 by the FORANE 8 FX70 or the FORANEB FXlO (retrofit). During the last two years, Elf Atochem's new FORANE@ refrigerants have b...

Consistent sets of atmospheric lifetimes and radiative forcings on climate for CFC replacements: HCFCs and HFCs

Recognition of deleterious effects of chlorine and bromine on ozone and climate over the last several decades has resulted in international accords to halt the production of chlorine-containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and bromine-containing halons. It is well recognized, however, that these chemicals have had important uses to society, particularly as refrigerants, as solvents, as plastic bl...

The wall of the chick embryo aorta harbours M-CFC, G-CFC, GM-CFC and BFU-E.

In the 3- to 4-day avian embryo, after the first wave of haemopoiesis which derives in the yolk sac from haemopoietic stem cells formed in situ, haemopoietic cells emerge in an intraembryonic site, the wall of the aorta. In this paper, we demonstrate that this site harbours M-CFC, G-CFC, GM-CFC and late and early BFU-E. In serum-free medium, the growth of M-CFC and GM-CFC was strictly dependent...

Degradation rates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in anoxic shallow aquifers of Araihazar, Bangladesh.

Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 (CCl(3)F), CFC-12 (CCl(2)F(2)), and CFC-113 (CCl(2)F-CClF(2)) are used in hydrology as transient tracers under the assumption of conservative behavior in the unsaturated and saturated soil zones. However, laboratory and field studies have shown that these compounds are not stable under anaerobic conditions. To determine the degradation rates of CFCs in a tropical envi...